The temperature of dry ice or frozen carbon dioxide (CO2) is minus 78.5 degrees Celsius, and the French scientist and inventor Adrien-Jean-Pierre Tellurier was the first to use dry ice in 1835 AD, and the most prominent characteristic of it is its transformation through the process of sublimation (i.e. the transition from its solid state to the gaseous state directly without going through the liquid state) which makes its disposal after use an easy process that does not require physical space or cost and special equipment, [1] Among the most important uses of various dry ice are the following: dry ice and freezing foods Dry ice is used in the process of preserving frozen foods in the event that mechanical preservation means are not available or the preservation machines are broken.

It can also be used in food transport operations with special conveyors that use the dry ice feature for refrigeration. As foods are frozen using dry ice after wrapping them tightly,[2] it is one of the most important foods that are safely preserved by means of dry ice; Meat, poultry and dairy products, as well as baked goods that are preserved for long periods, that is, are not intended for fresh consumption.

[3] Dry ice and fire extinguishing It is possible to use special equipment containing dry ice to pump out the carbon dioxide gas emitted from it, as it is a good fire extinguishing agent, but it is not recommended to use it in some types of fires that contain cellulose nitrate or some reactive metals (such as potassium and sodium and magnesium and aluminum) as these minerals decompose carbon dioxide

. [4] Dry ice and pest control One of the methods used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Mosquito Magnet Company are adult mosquito traps filled with dry ice baits to combat adult mosquitoes and environmental and agricultural pests

[5]; So that it is designed in a way that attracts these pests and in turn makes them stick and die gradually from the sublime carbon dioxide gas.

[6] Dry ice and heavy machinery cleaning Dry-ice blasting is used to clean heavy machinery and extended surfaces; As it depends on the kinetic and thermal energy induced by the driving device in addition to the energy emitted from the sublimation process, when the emitted dry ice collides with force on the surface to be cleaned, the plankton disperses and fades and is disposed of directly, and this process contributes to reducing cleaning costs and environmental damage.

[7] Dry ice in the industry There are many industries in which dry ice is used, the following is a mention of the most prominent: Food industries: dry ice is used in the manufacture of food, beverages and soft drinks in refrigeration operations mainly during transportation or storage, as well as in evaporation operations This is by using the safe steam that emanates from the cooled ice when it turns into a gas, such as steaming rice during its manufacture. It is also used as a disinfectant from germs, especially when producing and preserving frozen foods. [4] Metallurgical industries: Dry ice is used in the process of polishing and treating metal surfaces before painting them used in manufacturing equipment or heavy machinery for factories.

[8] Dry ice in agriculture Dry ice technology is used to improve the growth of agricultural crops inside greenhouses, as it helps in maintaining appropriate weather conditions. This technology relies on cylinders filled with dry ice equipped with a sublimated gas flowmeter of dry ice, per 100 square feet (30.48 square metres) a pound (0.45 kg) of dry ice is sufficient to maintain 1,300 ppm carbon dioxide for a day in this area. Dry ice can also be kept inside a perforated insulator if cylinders equipped with a scale are not available to control the amount of gas emitted, where the dry ice is divided into small parts and small holes are made in this insulator to emit gas.

[9] Dry ice in medicine Dry ice has many uses in the medical field, and the following is a mention of its most important uses: Transportation of medical samples: Dry ice is used to preserve and transport samples taken from patients such as urine samples

[10] and blood samples that are not preserved in glass containers, and samples Unfixed cells, which are to be transported over a medium to long period of time, are among the best methods of preserving samples to ensure that their properties are not affected and their sensitivity is preserved, thus obtaining as accurate a result as possible when performing the examination.

[11] Sterilization of medical equipment: Dry ice is used as a sterilizer against germs to sterilize equipment and tools used in therapeutic environments, due to its ease of use and availability.

[12] Surgical operations: Dry ice is used during surgical operations, either in the immediate sterilization of some tools, and gas can also be used Emitted from it as a medicine in some cases. [4] Dry ice in chemistry Because dry ice has the property of sublimation, it was noted that it has the ability to form bubbles when placed in different liquids, and the intensity of the formation of bubbles varies according to the type of liquid, and these bubbles are accompanied by smoke in different degrees, for example when placed in water, large bubbles are formed It rises quickly with a clear misty cloud. In contrast, putting it in glycerin liquid forms small bubbles that slowly rise. When heated, the bubbles become larger and faster, while in ethanol small bubbles form that move quickly and randomly.

[13] The study of these differences in the behavior of dry ice within different liquids is used to study the properties of liquids such as surface tension and viscosity as well as vapor pressure, and considering all these properties helps to develop practical applications for using dry ice in various fields.

[14] Dry ice in filmmaking and weddings In many activities, weddings, and even filmmaking, a machine that emits thick smoke is used for several purposes, either to beautify the scene by adding colors to this pure smoke